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NEW FEATURE: My AccessSciencey AccessScience
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NEW ARTICLES
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AccessScience articles include extensive bibliographies and related websites
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Accelerating universe, by Robert P. Kirshner, Professor, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Cosmic expansion is speeding up. In 1998, astronomers used evidence from exploding stars to show that the expansion of the universe is not slowing down, as would be expected from the pull of gravity on matter in the universe, but is instead speeding up. The opposite, expanding force comes from dark energy, a cosmic component the true nature of which remains to be discovered. Learn about the history of this understanding, how type 1a supernovae are used as "standard candles" to track expansion, and what dark energy might be.
DOI 10.1036/1097-8542.800550
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Atomic force microscopy, by Yves F. Dufrêne, Unité de Chimie des Interfaces, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium. This technique has revolutionized the way in which microscopists explore biological structures, from single molecules to living cells, by allowing researchers to observe and manipulate surfaces in aqueous solution. AFM involves scanning a sharp tip over the surface of a sample while sensing the interaction force between the two. Gain an understanding of the various operational modes and how nanoscale structures and biomolecules can be visualized, in this illustrated article.
DOI 10.1036/1097-8542.801300
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Beloniformes, by Herbert T. Boschung, Emeritus Professor, Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa. This order of 191 species and 5 families, each identified by distinctive features, includes the needlefishes and flying fishes. Discover the diversity: rice fishes have jaws either tiny or so enlarged that they function as scoop shovels; flyingfishes—familiar to seafarers of the tropics and subtropics—launch themselves into the air and use their enlarged pectoral fins to glide above the ocean surface; and halfbeaks give birth to live young.
DOI 10.1036/1097-8542.802810
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Esociformes, by Herbert T. Boschung, Emeritus Professor, Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa. A small but interesting order of fishes that occur in northern hemisphere freshwaters. Learn about the Esocids—including the northern pike, pickerels, and the muskellunge—which lie in wait for other fishes, snapping up their prey in duckbill-like snouts. The shorter-snouted mudfishes prefer mud or silt, surviving extreme cold and oxygen-poor waters of rivers from Washington's Olympic peninsula and Europe's Danube, to northeastern-most Siberia.
DOI 10.1036/1097-8542.803280 |
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Retinoid receptor, by Solveig Halldorsdottir, Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois & William S. Blaner, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, Presbyterian Hospital, New York. This protein in the cell nucleus facilitates the normal actions of vitamin A within the body, playing important roles in many functions, from blood cell development and skin maintenance to reproduction and the immune response. This article describes receptor structure and development, explains transcription, and reviews physiologic actions and clinical applications to skin diseases, cancer, and more.
DOI 10.1036/1097-8542.800920
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Squaliformes, by Herbert T. Boschung, Emeritus Professor, Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa.
The Squaliformes, the dogfish sharks, include what is likely the world's smallest shark—the lantern shark—and what is probably the world's most abundant shark species, the spiny dogfish. Denizens of continental shelves and and sea mounts, sharks of this order give livebirth to from one to 22 pups per litter. Learn more in this color-illustrated article.
DOI 10.1036/1097-8542.800920
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Squatiniformes, by Herbert T. Boschung, Emeritus Professor, Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa. This order of bizarre sharks, commonly known as angel sharks, superficially resemble rays. Find out where these fish spread their wing-like pectoral fins what they dine on besides cephalopods and crustaceans.
DOI 10.1036/1097-8542.803480
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Transcription
, by Naoko Tanese, Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, and Angus C. Wilson, Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York. Fundamental to life, transcription is the cellular process of making an RNA copies of the genetic information recorded in the DNA. This accessible article breaks down the steps of the process, from "melting" the template DNA, and the "revving engine" action of RNA polymerase, to the promoter escape. The author peels back the history of this basic mechanism shared by eukaryotes, bacteria,and archaea, and explains the role of transcription mutations in diseases such as Rett syndrome.
DOI 10.1036/1097-8542.800940
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Velocimeter
, by Stavros Tavoularis, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ottawa, Canada. Not to be confused with flow meters, velocimeters measure the velocity of a flowing liquid or gas—not the rate. Indispensable in fluid mechanics research, velocimeters may as simple as a curved tube connected to a pressure transducer. More complex equipment incorporates lasers for particle tracking or monitoring the Doppler effect, or even take measurements of scattered ultrasound. Knowledge flows in this informative article.
DOI 10.1036/1097-8542.802710
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Waveform generator
, by Philip V. Lopresti, Panasonic Information and Networking Technologies Laboratory, Panasonic Technologies Inc., Princeton, New Jersey. This article makes waves, or rather its subject matter does—instruments that generate voltage waves using digital technology. Find out how and why to use direct digital synthesis and when an arbitrary waveform generator might be preferable to create a complex signal.
DOI 10.1036/1097-8542.757758
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